Do I Rinse My Face After Cleaning It With Witch Hazel

Genus of plants

Witch-hazel
Hamamelis virginiana
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Guild:	Saxifragales
Family:	Hamamelidaceae
Subfamily:	Hamamelidoideae
Tribe:	Hamamelideae A.DC.
Genus:	Hamamelis Gronov. ex L.
Type species
Hamamelis virginiana L.

Witch-hazels or witch hazels ( Hamamelis ) are a genus of flowering plants in the family Hamamelidaceae, with iii species in North America (H. ovalis,^[1] H. virginiana, and H. vernalis), and one each in Nippon (H. japonica) and Communist china (H. mollis). The Northward American species are occasionally chosen winterbloom.^{[ii] [3]}

Growth [edit]

The witch-hazels are deciduous shrubs or (rarely) small trees growing to 3.0–7.vi metres (x–25 ft) tall, even more rarely to 12 m (40 ft) alpine. The leaves are alternately arranged, oval, five.i–15.ii cm (2–vi in) long and 2.five–10.2 cm (ane–four in) broad, with a smooth or wavy margin. The genus name, Hamamelis, means "together with fruit", referring to the simultaneous occurrence of flowers with the maturing fruit from the previous year.^[4] H. virginiana blooms in September–November while the other species bloom from January–March. Each blossom has iv slender strap-shaped petals 0.95–1.91 centimetres ( 3⁄8 – iii⁄iv  in) long, pale to nighttime xanthous, orangish, or crimson. The fruit is a two-part capsule 0.95 centimetres ( 3⁄eight  in) long, containing a single 0.64 centimetres ( 1⁄4  in) glossy blackness seed in each of the two parts; the sheathing splits explosively at maturity in the fall about 8 months after flowering, ejecting the seeds with sufficient force to fly for distances of upwardly to 9.1 grand (30 ft), thus another alternative name "snapping hazel".^{[ citation needed ]}

Etymology [edit]

The proper name witch in witch-hazel has its origins in Middle English wiche, from the Old English wice, meaning "pliant" or "bendable", and is not related to the word witch meaning a practitioner of magic.^[v] Jacob George Strutt's 1822 book, Sylva Britannica attests that "Wych Hazel" was used in England equally a synonym for wych elm, Ulmus glabra;^{[half dozen]} The utilize of the twigs as divining rods, but as hazel twigs were used in England, may too have,^{[ citation needed ]} by folk etymology, influenced the "witch" part of the name.^[3]

Species [edit]

Five species are recognized:^[7]

• Hamamelis japonica Siebold & Zucc. – Japanese witch-hazel
• Hamamelis mollis Oliv. – Chinese witch hazel
• Hamamelis ovalis Southward.W.Leonard – big-leaf witch-hazel
• Hamamelis vernalis Sarg. – Ozark witchhazel
• Hamamelis virginiana 50. – common witch-hazel or American witch-hazel

Hamamelis mexicana is sometimes considered a species,^[8] though as of 2022^[update] Kew'southward Plants of the Globe Online considers it a multifariousness of H. virginiana.^[7]

The Farsi ironwood, a closely related tree formerly treated as Hamamelis persica, is now given a genus of its own, as Parrotia persica, equally it differs in the flowers not having petals. Other closely allied genera are Parrotiopsis, Fothergilla, and Sycopsis (see under Hamamelidaceae). Witch-hazels are not closely related to the true Corylus hazels, though they accept a few superficially similar characteristics which may crusade one to believe that they are.^{[ clarification needed ]}

Cultivation [edit]

They are popular ornamental plants, grown for their clusters of rich yellow to orange-red flowers which begin to expand in the autumn as or slightly before the leaves fall, and proceed throughout the winter.

Garden shrubs [edit]

Hamamelis virginiana was introduced into English gardens by Peter Collinson, who maintained correspondence with plant hunters in the American colonies. Present, information technology is rarely seen in the nursery trade except for woodland/wild animals restoration projects and native plant enthusiasts. Much more than mutual is H. mollis, which has bright xanthous flowers that flower in belatedly winter instead of the yellow blossoms of H. virginiana which tend to exist lost among the constitute's fall foliage. The institute-hunter Charles Maries collected for Veitch Nurseries in the Chinese district of Jiujiang in 1879. It languished in nursery rows for years until information technology was noticed, propagated and put on the market in 1902.^[9]

Numerous cultivars take been selected for use equally garden shrubs, many of them derived from the hybrid H. ×intermedia Rehder (H. japonica × H. mollis). Jelena and Robert de Belder of Arboretum Kalmthout, selecting for cerise cultivars, found three: the first, with bronze flowers, was named 'Jelena'; the next, with blood-red flowers, was named 'Diane' (the name of their daughter); the final, with deep ruby flowers, was chosen 'Livia' (the name of their granddaughter).^{[ commendation needed ]}

Phytochemicals and hamamelis water [edit]

The main phytochemicals in witch-hazel leaves are polyphenols, including 3–ten% tannins, flavonoids, and up to 0.5% essential oil, while the bark has a college tannin content.^{[10] [11]} Hamamelis water, also called white hazel or witch hazel water prepared from a steam-distillation process using leaves, bark or twigs, is a articulate, colorless liquid containing thirteen–15% ethanol having the odor of the essential oil, but with no tannins nowadays.^{[10] [11]} Essential oil components, such as carvacrol and eugenol, may be present.^[12]

As an ingredient and topical agent, witch-hazel h2o is regulated in the United States as an over-the-counter drug for external utilise only to soothe minor skin irritations.^[thirteen] Hamamelis (witch-hazel) h2o is diluted using water in a one:3 grooming, and is non intended for oral use which may cause nausea, vomiting, or constipation.^[11]

Topical ointment [edit]

Witch-hazel may be sold as a semisolid ointment, cream, gel, or relieve for topical use,^{[11] [14]} and due to its astringent and clarified properties, has long been used to treat diverse pare conditions like acne.^[xv] The ointment may ease discomfort from postal service-partum vaginal soreness and hemorrhoids.^{[11] [16]} It is ordinarily used to treat diaper rash in infants, and may reduce symptoms of inflammation from pocket-size peel injuries.^[11] A 2022 review (updated in Oct 2022) found little evidence of effectiveness from local cooling treatments (including witch-hazel pads) applied to the perineum following childbirth to relieve pain.^[17]

Folk medicine [edit]

The leaves and bark of the North American witch-hazel, Hamamelis virginiana, were used in folk medicine, herbalism, and skincare decoctions past Native Americans.^{[x] [xi] [three]} Extracts of witch-hazel may be used every bit a remedy for psoriasis and eczema, in aftershave and ingrown nail applications, to foreclose dehydration of skin, and for insect bites and poison ivy.^[18] There is limited clinical evidence to support witch-hazel equally an effective treatment for any of these conditions.^[11] Prepared by distillation, the essential oil of witch-hazel has such a minor proportion of tannins or other polyphenols that it is unlikely to take whatsoever therapeutic effect, and may crusade contact dermatitis when used topically.^{[10] [eleven]}

In 2022, one manufacturer of skincare products containing witch-hazel was warned by the Food and Drug Assistants for making unsubstantiated health claims and for not providing evidence the products are safe.^[xix]

History [edit]

Early on Puritan settlers in New England adopted witch-hazel as a supposed remedy from the natives, and its use became widely established in the U.s. during the 19th century.^[18] A missionary, Dr. Charles Hawes, adopted the procedure of steam distillation of witch-hazel twigs,^[18] creating a "Hawes Extract" production sold in Essex, Connecticut, in 1846, by druggist and pharmacist, Alvan Whittemore.^[20] Hawes' procedure was further refined by Thomas Newton Dickinson, Sr., who is credited with starting the commercial product of witch-hazel excerpt, also in Essex, Connecticut, in 1866, and eventually establishing nine production sites in eastern Connecticut during the 20th century.^{[18] [21]} Following his death, his 2 sons, Thomas N. Dickinson, Jr., of Mystic, Connecticut, and Everett E. Dickinson of Essex, each inherited parts of the family unit business and continued the manufacture of witch-hazel excerpt, operating competing "Dickinson'southward" businesses that were continued past their descendants until 1997 when the manufacturing operations from both companies were consolidated at the American Distilling constitute in East Hampton, CT.^[xviii]

Gallery [edit]

• 

  Hamamelis, Fürth City Park, Germany

• 

• 

  H. × intermedia

• 

  Hamamelis japonica close-up flowers

• 

  H. × intermedia 'Jelena'

• 

  H. × intermedia 'Diane'

• 

  Hamamelis mollis tree in autumn

• 

  Hamamelis mollis in autumn

• 

  Hamamelis mollis leaves in autumn

• 

• 

  Flourishing in winter

References [edit]

1. ^ Hamamelis ovalis Due south. Due west. Leonard (2006), Smile Taxonomy for Plants
2. ^ Noted in Ernest Thompson Seton, The Book of Woodcraft and Indian Lore (1921:422), only rare.
3. ^ ^{a b c} Andriote, J-M (half dozen Nov 2022). "The Mysterious Past and Nowadays of Witch Hazel". The Atlantic. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
4. ^ Hiker's Notebook: Witch Hazel
5. ^ Douglas Harper (2001). "witch hazel". Online Etymology Dictionary.
6. ^ Jacob George Strutt (1822). Sylva Britannica. p. 66. Full text of expanded 1830 edition.
7. ^ ^{a b} "Hamamelis Gronov. ex L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
8. ^ Xie, Lei; Yi, Ting-Shuang; Li, Rong; Li, De-Zhu; Wen, Jun (2010). "Evolution and biogeographic diversification of the witch-hazel genus (Hamamelis L., Hamamelidaceae) in the Northern Hemisphere". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 56 (2): 675–689. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.02.018. PMID 20171295.
9. ^ Alice Thou. Coats, Garden Shrubs and Their Histories (1964) 1992, s.v. "Hamamelis".
10. ^ ^{a b c d} Gangemi, Sebastiano; Minciullo, Paola L.; Miroddi, Marco; Chinou, Ioanna; Calapai, Gioacchino; Schmidt, Richard J. (19 Jan 2022). "Contact dermatitis equally an adverse reaction to some topically used European herbal medicinal products – Role two: Hamamelis virginiana 50.; family Hamamelidaceae". Contact Dermatitis. 72 (4): 193–205. doi:10.1111/cod.12328. ISSN 0105-1873. PMID 25600644.
11. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i} "Witch hazel". Drugs.com. one June 2022. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
12. ^ Sheila Boulajoun (2007). Natural Sources of Flavourings, Written report No. 2. Belgium: Council of Europe Publishing. p. 87. ISBN978-92-871-6156-7.
13. ^ "Code of Federal Regulations; Title 21, Sec. 347.52 Labeling of astringent drug products; (iii) For products containing witch hazel". US Food and Drug Administration. ane April 2022. Retrieved xiv Apr 2022.
14. ^ "Witch hazel – topical". Health Canada: Drugs and Health Products. xiii April 2022. Retrieved xiii Apr 2022.
15. ^ Thring, Tamsyn SA; Hili, Pauline; Naughton, Declan P (xiii Oct 2022). "Antioxidant and potential anti-inflammatory activeness of extracts and formulations of white tea, rose, and witch hazel on primary human being dermal fibroblast cells". Journal of Inflammation. 8 (ane): 27. doi:x.1186/1476-9255-8-27. PMC3214789. PMID 21995704. witch hazel has long been used for pare trouble such as acne as an astringent and antiseptic
16. ^ "Postpartum care: What to wait after a vaginal commitment". Labor and delivery, postpartum care. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved ane Jan 2022.
17. ^ East, Christine E.; Dorward, Emma Df; Whale, Rhiannon E.; Liu, Jiajia (9 October 2022). "Local cooling for relieving pain from perineal trauma sustained during childbirth". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020 (10): CD006304. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006304.pub4. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC8094618. PMID 33034900.
18. ^ ^{a b c d e} Michael C. Bingham, Which Witch Is Witch Hazel (and Which Dickinson Makes It)?, Connecticut Business Journal, twenty October 1997. Archived 2 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine
19. ^ Bromley, Gerald D. (6 March 2022). "Warning letter: Aegeia Skin Care, LLC". Inspections, Compliance, Enforcement, and Criminal Investigations, US Nutrient and Drug Assistants. Retrieved xiii April 2022.
20. ^ Dickinson's 'Witch Hazel' Will No Longer Be Manufactured in Essex, Essex Events, Spring 1997.
21. ^ The Due east.E. Dickinson Co. (1970?), The Birth of Witch Hazel. 16 pp.

Further reading [edit]

• Fergus, Charles (2002). Copse of Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Stackpole Books. pp. 156–9. ISBN978-0-8117-2092-2.
• Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witch-hazel

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